Anatomy – Structure of the Pancreas

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Structure of the Pancreas The pancreas is an elongated organ that lies behind and at a lower place the stomach. This mixed secreter contains both exocrine and endocrine create from raw materials. The predominant exocrine ramify consists of grape-like clusters of secretory cells that form sacs known as acini, which connect to ducts that finally empty into the the offshoot portion of the intestine called duodenum. The smaller part of the gland consists of isolated islands of endocrine tissue known as islets of Langerhans which are dispersed throughout the pancreas.Hormones Secreted by the Pancreas The most important internal secretions secreted by the pancreas are insulin and glucagon. some(prenominal) play a role in proper metabolism of sugars and starches in the body. Insulin promotes the movement of glucose and other nutrients out of the brothline and into cells. When stock glucose rises, insulin, ventholed from the beta cells causes glucose to cy pher body cells to be used for energy. Also, it sometimes stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen in the colored.Another pancreatic hormone, glucagon, promotes the movement of glucose into the blood when glucose levels are below normal. It causes the equipment failure of stored liver glycogen to glucose, so that the sugar content of blood difference the liver rises. Insulin is a hormone central to regulating carbohydrate and plank metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and risque tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle. Insulin stops the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting the release of glucagon.With the exception of the metabolous disorder diabetes mellitus and Metabolic syndrome, insulin is provided within the body in a ceaseless proportion to remove excess glucose from the blood, which otherwise would be toxic. When blood glucose levels giving up below a certain level, the body begi ns to use fat as an energy source through glycogenolysis, for example, by transfer of lipids from adipose tissue to the liver for mobilization as an energy source. As its level is a central metabolic control mechanism, its status is also used as a control signal to other body trunks (such as amino cid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic ensnares throughout the body. Glucagon, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. 1 The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar (glucose) levels fall too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. Glucagon raises blood glucose levels. High blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin. Insulin allows glucose to be taken up and used by insulin-dependent tissues.Thus, glucagon and insulin are part of a feedback system that keeps blood glucose l evels at a stable level. Glucagon belongs to a family of several other related hormones. Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF)) is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. scat of the PancreasThe pancreas is largely responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels. The normal clinical range of blood glucose levels is 70 to 150 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter). The pancreas can measure blood sugar and if it is high or low, the pancreas releases a hormone to correct the level. contrast glucose must be maintained at a certain level for cells to neither gain or lose water. HEALTH TEACHING 1. inculcate the patient sign and symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia 2. determine the patients somewhat music purpose, do sage, route, and possible side effects of all prescribed medications. . In patients with self-administer insulin, process patient the appropriate preparation and administration techniques. 4. Teach to the patient signs and symptoms of diabetic neuropathy and emphasize the need for safety precautions because neuropathy decreased sensation can cross sense injuries 5. Tell to the patient the Prognosis of Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin resistance increases with age, After the first few years of treatment, the majority of flock with quality 2 diabetes deal more than one medicine to keep their blood sugar controlled 6.Teach the patient how to manage diabetes when he has a minor illness, such as a cold, or flu. 7. To encourage compliance with lifestyle changes, emphasize how blood glucose control affects long-term health. 8. Teach the patient how to care for his feet. 9. Advise him to yield comfortable, nonconstricting shoes and never to walk barefoot 10. To prevent diabetes, teach mess at high risk to avoid risk factors for example, maintaining proper load and exercising regularly, teach to patients you can help to prevent type 2 diabetes by maintaining your ideal body weight, especially if you have a family narration of diabetes.Diet and exercise have been shown to delay the onset of diabetes in people who are in the early stages of insulin resistance. If you already have been diagnosis Diabetes Mellitus type 2, you can delay or prevent complications by keeping arch control of your blood sugar. 11. Advise patients to have annual ophthalmologic examinations for early sensing of diabetic retinopathy 12. Encourage the patient and his family to obtain additional information about Diabetes mellitus from nearby Diabetic foundations.